Sandbox:Middleware Startup/sandbox

Systemd

Service definition

The default service definition as shipped by Open-Xchange is rather concise and easy to read. You can check by looking at the service file that is installed to either /usr/lib/systemd or /lib/systemd depending on your distribution of choice.

 singlenode:~ # cat /usr/lib/systemd/system/open-xchange.service 
 [Unit]
 After=remote-fs.target
 After=time-sync.target ypbind.service sendmail.service cyrus.service  
 
 [Service]
 User=open-xchange
 PermissionsStartOnly=true
 TimeoutStartSec=0
 ExecStartPre=/opt/open-xchange/sbin/triggerupdatethemes -u
 ExecStart=/opt/open-xchange/sbin/open-xchange
 ExecStop=/opt/open-xchange/sbin/shutdown -w
 ExecReload=/opt/open-xchange/sbin/triggerreloadconfiguration -d
 KillMode=process
 LimitNOFILE=65536
 LimitNPROC=65536
 
 [Install]
 WantedBy=multi-user.target

Drop-in configs

Drop in configs allow administrators to easily adapt and override default service unit files. So if you want to change the default limits or add additional limits have a look at our default example drop-in config which is located at /etc/systemd/system/open-xchange.service.d/limits.conf

 singlenode:~ # cat /etc/systemd/system/open-xchange.service.d/limits.conf 
 # Override and add options in this file
 # See systemd.exec(5) for other limits
 
 [Service]
 #LimitNPROC=65536
 #LimitNOFILE=65536

The systemd.exec documentation shows a whole lot of options that can be used by admins to adapt the default service to their specific needs.

Service startup using systemd

System V / Upstart

Service definition

The default service definition as shipped by Open-Xchange can be found at /etc/init.d/open-xchange and will differ slightly depending on the distro in use.

Service startup using upstart

Apply Resource limits

As you can see in the two diagrams above one of the differences is that systemd reads all the infos wrt. resource limitations from the original service file and then applies possible further restrictions from the drop-in configs (steps 2 and 8 in the diagram). Limits configured in /opt/open-xchange/etc/ox-scriptconf.sh aren't considered anylonger when using systemd while the older System V style init has to source /opt/open-xchange/etc/ox-scriptconf.sh to be able to read the configs for the maximum number of processes (NPROC) and files(NRFILES) that the middleware shall be allowed to create/open (steps 3,4 and 15 in the diagram).

Background Infos

Several ways exist to restrict resources on a linux system from a global level down to user/groups or even shells and the processes started by them.

Sysctl

Sysctl is used to modify kernel parameters at runtime. E.g. to set the maximum number of files

 $ sysctl -w fs.file-max=100000

To permanently set them append to the main configuration file and reload the settings

 $ echo fs.file-max=100000 >> /etc/sysctl.conf
 $ sysctl -p

More infos can be found via man sysctl

Limits.conf

Allows to restrict resources an a global, group or user level. E.g:

  $ cat /etc/security/limits.d/90-nproc.conf 
  # Default limit for number of user's processes to prevent
  # accidental fork bombs.
  # See rhbz #432903 for reasoning.
  
  *          soft    nproc     1024

From man limits.conf:

Also, please note that all limit settings are set per login. They are not global, nor are they permanent; existing only for the duration of the session.

The limits per login are applied via the pam stack. See man pam and man pam_limits for more details. As those limits are bound to sessions they don't affect most daemons started by our supported init systems or init utils. Most state that they are ignored by design, see upstart, systemd and start-stop-daemon

Ulimit

From man bash

ulimit [-HSTabcdefilmnpqrstuvx [limit]] Provides control over the resources available to the shell and to processes started by it, on systems that allow such control.

This is what we use in our System V compatible init scripts to increase resources for the open-xchange process across multiple distros. Currently only the maximum number of processes and the maximum number of open file descriptors available to a single user are increased via ulimit. The values are specified in /opt/open-xchange/ox-scriptconf.sh

Systemd

Control Groups

Control groups should only affect the OX middleware if you create/manage them yourself of if you are using a modern distribution that already uses systemd as init.

Citing from the kernel cgroup documentation:

1-2. What is cgroup?

cgroup is a mechanism to organize processes hierarchically and distribute system resources along the hierarchy in a controlled and configurable manner.

cgroup is largely composed of two parts - the core and controllers. cgroup core is primarily responsible for hierarchically organizing processes. A cgroup controller is usually responsible for distributing a specific type of system resource along the hierarchy although there are utility controllers which serve purposes other than resource distribution.

cgroups form a tree structure and every process in the system belongs to one and only one cgroup. All threads of a process belong to the same cgroup. On creation, all processes are put in the cgroup that the parent process belongs to at the time. A process can be migrated to another cgroup. Migration of a process doesn't affect already existing descendant processes.

Following certain structural constraints, controllers may be enabled or disabled selectively on a cgroup. All controller behaviors are hierarchical - if a controller is enabled on a cgroup, it affects all processes which belong to the cgroups consisting the inclusive sub-hierarchy of the cgroup. When a controller is enabled on a nested cgroup, it always restricts the resource distribution further. The restrictions set closer to the root in the hierarchy can not be overridden from further away.

So processes are organized into a tree structure of control groups and controllers are responsible for the distribution of resources. So what kind of controllers exist?

5. Controllers

5-1. CPU

The "cpu" controllers regulates distribution of CPU cycles. This controller implements weight and absolute bandwidth limit models for normal scheduling policy and absolute bandwidth allocation model for realtime scheduling policy.

5-2. Memory

The "memory" controller regulates distribution of memory. ... While not completely water-tight, all major memory usages by a given cgroup are tracked so that the total memory consumption can be accounted and controlled to a reasonable extent.

5-3. IO

The "io" controller regulates the distribution of IO resources. This controller implements both weight based and absolute bandwidth or IOPS limit distribution; however, weight based distribution is available only if cfq-iosched is in use and neither scheme is available for blk-mq devices.

The open-xchange service is simply put into the default system.slice without applying further limits.

 singlenode$ systemd-cgls
 ├─1 /sbin/init
 ├─system.slice
 │ ├─avahi-daemon.service
 │ │ ├─501 avahi-daemon: running [singlenode]
 │ │ └─514 avahi-daemon: chroot helper
 │ ├─console-kit-daemon.service
 │ │ └─16164 /usr/sbin/console-kit-daemon --no-daemon
 │ ├─dbus.service
 │ │ └─508 /usr/bin/dbus-daemon --system --address=systemd: --nofork --nopidfile --systemd-activation
 │ ├─munin-node.service
 │ │ └─4290 /usr/bin/perl -wT /usr/sbin/munin-node
 │ ├─open-xchange.service
 │ │ └─6037 /usr/bin/java -Dsun.net.inetaddr.ttl=3600 -Dnetworkaddress.cache.ttl=3600 -Dnetworkaddress.cache.negative.ttl=10 ...

To check all the details use

singlenode:~ # systemctl show system.slice

Limits besides control groups

Besides control groups systemd allows you to apply other limits to the execution environment of your service. Here we can apply the limits that would normally be applied via limits.conf or ulimit. Systemd uses setrlimit for this. The options that we set by default are:

 * LimitNOFILE
 * LimitNPROC

which you have already seen when we took a look at the service definition and drop-in configs

Verify limits

System V

Get the proper pid of the java process started for the middleware by either checking ps faux

 root      4103  0.0  0.0  66528  1868 pts/0    S    22:05   0:00 su -s /bin/bash open-xchange -c /opt/open-xchange/sbin/open-xchange
 494       4109  9.5 19.8 2224644 381312 ?      Ssl  22:05   1:12  \_ /usr/bin/java -Dsun.net.inetaddr.ttl=3600 -Dnetworkaddress.cache.ttl=3600

or programmatically

 singlenode:~ # pid=$(pgrep -P $( /etc/pam.d/system-auth

-> pam_limits.so

If NPROC isn't configured for the open-xchange-server it's restricted to 1024 globally by default to prevent accidental fork bombs, see /etc/security/limits.d/90-nproc.conf which can result in severe problems modern multithreaded applications.

RHEL 7 / CentOS 7 / Debian 8 / SLE 12

Init

Systemd

OX Configurable Limits/Defaults

nofile, nproc

For systemd the default limits are configured directly in the service's unit file that is shipped by OX and located at /usr/lib/systemd/system/open-xchange.service. The drop-in config to override or extend the default unit file is located at /etc/systemd/system/open-xchange.service.d/limits.conf. Systemd.exec shows a whole lot of options that can be used by admins to adapt the default service to their specific needs.

Evaluate JVM commandline options

Before starting Java and the OSGi framework with all the Open-Xchange middleware bundles we have to evaluate several important JVM commandline options that influence the performance and stability of the Open-Xchange middleware stack. These commandline options are specified in /opt/open-xchange/etc/ox-scriptconf.sh

Format < 7.8.4

For version up to 7.8.3 the JVM configuration options were all specified via a single property JAVA_XTRAOPTS which resulted in a rather long configuration string that was hard to read and maintain.

 JAVA_XTRAOPTS="-Dsun.net.inetaddr.ttl=3600 -Dnetworkaddress.cache.ttl=3600 -Dnetworkaddress.cache.negative.ttl=10 \
 -Dlogback.threadlocal.put.duplicate=false -server -Djava.awt.headless=true -Xmx512M -XX:MaxPermSize=256m -XX:+UseConcMarkSweepGC \
 -XX:+UseParNewGC -XX:CMSInitiatingOccupancyFraction=75 -XX:+UseCMSInitiatingOccupancyOnly -XX:NewRatio=3 -XX:+UseTLAB \
 -Dosgi.compatibility.bootdelegation=false -XX:-OmitStackTraceInFastThrow"

During the startup of the open-xchange service (step 11 of diagram Service startup using systemd and step 10 of diagram Service startup using upstart.) this JAVA_XTRAOPTS string goes through a basic validity check and is then passed to the JVM.

Format >= 7.8.4

Beginning from version 7.8.4 the options are split up and sorted into different categories like:

 JAVA_OPTS_GC="-XX:+UseConcMarkSweepGC -XX:+UseParNewGC -XX:CMSInitiatingOccupancyFraction=75 -XX:+UseCMSInitiatingOccupancyOnly -XX:NewRatio=3 -XX:+DisableExplicitGC"
 JAVA_OPTS_LOG="-Dlogback.threadlocal.put.duplicate=false -XX:-OmitStackTraceInFastThrow"
 JAVA_OPTS_MEM="-XX:MaxHeapSize=512M -XX:MaxPermSize=256M -XX:+UseTLAB"
 JAVA_OPTS_NET="-Dsun.net.inetaddr.ttl=3600 -Dnetworkaddress.cache.ttl=3600 -Dnetworkaddress.cache.negative.ttl=10"
 JAVA_OPTS_OSGI="-Dosgi.compatibility.bootdelegation=false"
 JAVA_OPTS_SERVER="-server -Djava.awt.headless=true"
 
 JAVA_OPTS_OTHER=""
 
 #JAVA_OPTS_DEBUG="-XX:+HeapDumpOnOutOfMemoryError -XX:HeapDumpPath=/mnt/heapdump -Xloggc:/var/log/open-xchange/gc.log -verbose:gc -XX:+PrintGCDateStamps \
 -XX:+PrintHeapAtGC -XX:+PrintGCApplicationStoppedTime -XX:+PrintTenuringDistribution"

which is much easier to read an maintain. Furthermore we added a useful JAVA_OPTS_DEBUG configuration parameter that comes preconfigured but unused/commented so that customers can quickly enable the most commonly used debugging options in case they have to provide detailed system information to Open-Xchange.

During the startup of the open-xchange service (step 11 of diagram Service startup using systemd and step 10 of diagram Service startup using upstart.) all uncommented JAVA_OPTS_* categories will then be evaluated and combined again into a single string of commandline options that can then be passed to the JVM.

Upgrade procedure

During the upgrade 7.8.3-revX -> 7.8.4-revY existing JAVA_XTRAOPTS will automatically be split up and migrated to the new categories approach. A backup of the file (ox-scriptconf.sh.timestamp) will be created and admins are urged to check for proper migration before deleting the backup file like it's already done with *.dpkg-dist or *.rpmnew files on Debian or RHEL/SLES distributions.

Encoding detection during JVM startup

Background Infos

All of en_US.UTF-8, .utf8, .utf-8, .UTF_8 will result in a valid UTF-8 charmap

JVM startup

The default file.encoding detection is done at JVM startup based upon LC_CTYPE which makes sense as it's documented as:

 CODESET (LC_CTYPE)
 Return  a  string  with the name of the character encoding used in the selected locale, such as "UTF-8", "ISO-8859-1",
 or "ANSI_X3.4-1968" (better known as US-ASCII).  This is the same string that you get with "locale charmap".
 For a list of character encoding names, try "locale -m", cf. locale(1).

Furthermore this influences the defaultCharset selection of the JVM.

 /**
  * Returns the default charset of this Java virtual machine.
  *
  * The default charset is determined during virtual-machine startup and
  * typically depends upon the locale and charset of the underlying
  * operating system.
  *
  * @return  A charset object for the default charset
  *
  * @since 1.5
  */
 public static Charset defaultCharset() {
     if (defaultCharset == null) {
         synchronized (Charset.class) {
             String csn = AccessController.doPrivileged(
                 new GetPropertyAction("file.encoding"));
             Charset cs = lookup(csn);
             if (cs != null)
                 defaultCharset = cs;
             else
                 defaultCharset = forName("UTF-8");
         }
     }
     return defaultCharset;
 }

Although we try to specify valid unicode encodings for every IO operations the Open-Xchange middleware does some parts of the JVM don't allow to specify the encoding to use and falls back to the detected default encoding. That's why admins have to make sure to provide a proper unicode environment for the middleware service during every start or use documented workarounds provided by Open-Xchange (e.g. )

Query which file encoding was detected by the JVM during startup

 /opt/open-xchange/sbin/showruntimestats -r | sed -ne 's/.*\({key=file.encoding, value=[^}]*}\).*/\1/p'
 {key=file.encoding, value=UTF-8}

Locale passing from client to server via SSH

The following setting of sshd allows clients to specify which locale to use on the server and might lead to some confusion or unexpected behaviour when checking the system locale or even to the usage of broken locales during middleware startup if your client sends misconfigured or missing locale configuration to the server.

 grep AcceptEnv /etc/ssh/sshd_config 
 AcceptEnv LANG LC_*

For example when i connect to the machine my local german locale is sent to the server

 [vagrant@showcase-community-centos-7 ~]$ locale -v 
 LANG=de_DE.UTF-8
 LC_CTYPE="de_DE.UTF-8"
 LC_NUMERIC=de_DE.UTF-8
 LC_TIME=de_DE.UTF-8
 LC_COLLATE="de_DE.UTF-8"
 LC_MONETARY=de_DE.UTF-8
 LC_MESSAGES="de_DE.UTF-8"
 LC_PAPER=de_DE.UTF-8
 LC_NAME=de_DE.UTF-8
 LC_ADDRESS=de_DE.UTF-8
 LC_TELEPHONE=de_DE.UTF-8
 LC_MEASUREMENT=de_DE.UTF-8
 LC_IDENTIFICATION=de_DE.UTF-8
 LC_ALL=

But after specifying that i want a new login shell the default locale configured for that user/system will be used instead!

 [root@showcase-community-centos-7 vagrant]# su -s /bin/bash open-xchange -l
 -bash-4.2$ locale -v 
 LANG=en_US.UTF-8
 LC_CTYPE="en_US.UTF-8"
 LC_NUMERIC="en_US.UTF-8"
 LC_TIME="en_US.UTF-8"
 LC_COLLATE="en_US.UTF-8"
 LC_MONETARY="en_US.UTF-8"
 LC_MESSAGES="en_US.UTF-8"
 LC_PAPER="en_US.UTF-8"
 LC_NAME="en_US.UTF-8"
 LC_ADDRESS="en_US.UTF-8"
 LC_TELEPHONE="en_US.UTF-8"
 LC_MEASUREMENT="en_US.UTF-8"
 LC_IDENTIFICATION="en_US.UTF-8"
 LC_ALL=

Add details from https://bugs.open-xchange.com/show_bug.cgi?id=51074

Warnings during early start

Early warnings before the start of the JVM and related logging libraries like logback and logstash forwarding are redirected to /var/log/open-xchange/open-xchange-console.log.

Limits

If the open-xchange startup script isn't able to set the proper limits on CentOS 6 due to e.g. hard limits being enforced via pam_limits you'll see the following warning in the console log during startup

 singlenode open-xchange # cat open-xchange-console.log
 /opt/open-xchange/sbin/open-xchange: line 115: ulimit: max user processes: cannot modify limit: Operation not permitted

Locale

If the open-xchange startup script isn't able to detect a unicode locale you'll see a warning like the following (the current charmap might differ)

 WARNING: Couldn't detect proper unicode charmap in locale category LC_CTYPE.
 WARNING: Current charmap: "ANSI_X3.4-1968" might cause encoding problems.